Detailed Response to Pete Letheby’s Editorial
by Steve Smith

Letheby statements in bold.



One acre-foot of water, which would cover an acre of farmland to a depth of 12 inches, equals 325,581 gallons.

The number of gallons in an acre foot is 325,851, not the number Letheby uses.  Probably just a transposing of numbers.  Minor typo.


Most farmers who irrigate in the semiarid western half of Nebraska say they need 15 inches of water per acre to produce a corn crop of up to 200 bushels per acre. Fifteen inches of water equals 407,313 gallons for each acre.

Actually, the math is off. Corn requires about 26 inches of water to produce 200 bushels -- 3,530 gallons to produce one bushel. The further east one goes, the greater the percentage of that required 26 inches comes from precipitation.  

Corn requires 26 inches of water per acre.  That is 8,472,126 gallons of water per acre.  For North Platte, about 6,517,020 of those gallons fall from the sky, though some of them fall at the wrong time. 

Multiplying 15 inches by the gallons in an acre foot does not equal the number Letheby says it does.  He is off by a large amount.

 

Now tell me that groundwater-irrigated, subsidized overproduction of corn on mostly dry land is not the biggest agricultural travesty ever.

The use of groundwater to produce corn in Nebraska is not a travesty.  It has provided plentiful food, jobs, and a vibrant economy that allows land to be used productively. 


Some folks in western Nebraska want to further drain the Ogallala Aquifer and divert that water into reservoirs and river bas
ins...

The Ogallala Aquifer is a storage facility that can be added to and removed from.  It should be noted that an average of 1.7 million acre feet of precipitation falls on the county from which WaterClaim is suggesting water be removed.  WaterClaim suggests that less than a third of the precipitation be captured and removed.  Add 1.7 million AF and remove 0.5 million AF, and you end up adding to the aquifer...not draining it.

 

...so - in part, at least - those same people can maintain their counterproductive culture of irrigating $1.90- a-bushel corn.

The dictionary defines productive as meaning, Yielding favorable or useful results; constructive.”  Producing corn that is fed to cows, pigs, and chickens to produce food for humans to eat is not productive?  Producing more than is needed today and storing it for a year when enough is produced isn’t productive?  Mr. Letheby needs to use a dictionary.  

(If you think we need to irrigate dry land to produce more corn for more ethanol, think again. In a few years, we'll be making ethanol out of grasses and other materials that require much, much less water and chemicals than corn.)

I believe the statement here is factually wrong.  “In a few years.”  How many might that be? To my knowledge, there isn’t even a demonstration project on the concept of using grass for ethanol. If there is, please share.

Letheby states that grass uses less water than corn.  It depends on what you want to do with the grass. Will it live with less water? Some varieties will; but if you want to make ethanol out of grass, you are going to need a whole lot more water than what corn uses to grow.


This legacy has been allowed to proliferate by a Legislature disproportionately influenced by traditional ag interests, natural resources districts dominated by irrigation partisans and too many Nebraskans who continue to deny any geological link between groundwater and surface water.

The landowner who uses water to irrigate a crop has been allowed to do this by the Legislature and the NRDs (that the Legislature created).  Each voter in the state helped elect the politicians. They have been making policy for a very long time. In fact, they have been setting policy since before irrigation came into existence. Would these policy makers and the people who elected them have any responsibility for Nebraska water policy? When we vote, we help create the system that has encouraged irrigation to happen.


And many will keep denying it as rural Nebraska ceaselessly depopulates, partly because we misuse our natural rural resources - water being the most precious.

Letheby says that the population of rural Nebraska is leaving because of the misuse of natural resources.  I can think of no examples that support his statement.  I can think of many examples where the use of natural resources creates jobs and brings people to rural Nebraska, but none that support his statement.


Farmers in the Texas Panhandle and western Kansas already have sucked the aquifer dry in many places. Although Nebraska has more of the aquifer than any other state, it makes perfect sense to manage that water as wisely as possible.

I think this is the only statement in his entire diatribe where we agree.  I get the impression, though, that he defines “manage water wisely” to mean "not using it. "


In 1984, Nebraska irrigated 3.4 million acres of crops, according to U.S. Department of Agriculture statistics. In just 11 short years, by 1995, that figure had increased by 120 percent to nearly 7.5 million acres. Now we're up to 8.1 million acres.

According to the University of Nebraska Extension Service, irrigated acres in 1984 in Nebraska numbered 8.1 million, not 3.4 million. Total irrigated acres in 1995 were 8.5 million.  In 2000, the number dropped to 8.1 million.

According to many researchers - including John Opie, who has performed groundwater studies at Kansas State University - the useful life expectancy of the Ogallala Aquifer now may be less than 50 years. The aquifer's water levels, even during wet cycles, decline at three to 10 times the recharge, Opie said.

John Opie is currently teaching Environmental Policy Studies at the New Jersey Institute of Technology.  One of his white papers can be found at http://www-personal.ksu.edu/~jsherow/opie.htm  Perhaps he has another study somewhere that makes the reference that Letheby claims.  However, the white paper linked here phrases the life expectancy of the aquifer quite differently and the recharge data for areas far from Nebraska.

Even if Letheby quotes Opie accurately, the idea that the aquifer will only last another 50 years is very wrong. 

Some facts that one might find interesting. According to the USGS, there was more water in the Nebraska portion of the Ogallala Aquifer in 2000 than there was in 1918. http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/2003/circ1243/#pdf  

The areas with an increasing water table have added more water to the aquifer than the areas with a lowering water table have removed. It is hard to drain the aquifer when it is actually increasing in volume in so much of the state. While there are a few areas in Nebraska that are at risk of not being able to operate large irrigation wells within the next fifty years, most of the state can irrigate for hundreds of years, if not more, if current trends hold.

According to the USGS, large capacity wells can only remove a small percentage of the water stored in the aquifer. The water will not flow into the well hole fast enough to sustain the well. A small well will be able to remove a much greater percentage of the water, but at a much slower rate. An 800-gallon well might only be able to remove 15% of the water stored in the aquifer near that well while a 50-gallon well might be able to remove 40%. The percentages vary dramatically, depending on geology.

For Chase County, one of the counties in the state with the greatest draw down in the aquifer, there is still an average of over 210 feet of saturated thickness. Draw down here is about 12 inches a year in the western half of the county (24 inches during the drought) and is actually going up in the eastern part of the county, even during the drought.

The statement that the decline is three to 10 times (let’s emphasize the 10) the recharge is also a big generalization. In the south half of Chase
County, the recharge rate equals the pumping. Recharge is highly influenced by soil type, timing & quantity of precipitation, evaporation & transpiration rates, and conservation practices. This varies significantly from area to area. To make the generalization like Letheby is saying Opie did is a disservice to the reader.

 

What's really sad about this entire scenario is the incredulous lack of foresight on the part of the Nebraskans who serve us in government. Why have so few people stepped up and spoken out about this?

One reason that not as many people share Letheby’s concerns is that many of his statements are false and not supported by the facts. 

 

Why do we always allow irrigation interests to rule our NRDs, county boards and even the Legislature?

He asks a rhetorical question that seems to call the voters stupid.

 

Take, for example, the Water Policy Task Force appointed by former Gov. Mike Johanns. Of its 49 members, 38 are farm irrigators or have been politically sympathetic to irrigated agriculture. Only three have environmental interests; only two represent recreation, with one of them sensitive to irrigators; and only five represent municipalities, with two also having ties to irrigation.

It is interesting how each of us views the elephant. Letheby sees a Task Force dominated by irrigators. I see a Task Force that was hand-chosen by the DNR and appointed by the Governor. Many of the “irrigation interests” that were chosen were people who oppose irrigation. Take Robert Ambrosek, for example. He was appointed by the Governor. He sat on the Upper Republican NRD board. He is a farmer. He believes Nebraska should stop most irrigation. Yes, his name shows up under irrigation interest, but you would be hard pressed to find someone more opposed to irrigation yet still actually irrigates. And, he is just one of several irrigators on the Task Force who are opposed to irrigation. Claude Cappel, also an irrigator, wants irrigation reduced by 75%. Jack Maddux, the same. All of these people are from my area and actually oppose irrigation as it is done today.

Despite that convincing data, Steve Smith of Imperial - founder and director of WaterClaim, the group of irrigators and business interests that has floated the idea of the huge interbasin water transfer - claims that Nebraska has an anti-irrigation climate?

Yes, there is such a climate. The Letheby editorial is one of the best demonstrations of this climate.  See article, "Criminalization of Irrigation," for a more detailed study of who opposes the use of water.

http://www.waterclaim.org/Articles/Public/criminalization_of_irrigation.htm

 

According to Colorado State University researcher Melvin Skold, groundwater-irrigated corn production in the semiarid Great Plains - generally the area west of the 100th meridian - accounts for less than 13 percent of all the maize grown in the United States.

It would be nice if there were some documentation for this claim.  Googling Melvin Skold does reveal “Agricultural Systems and Economic Characteristics of the Great Plains,” by Melvin Skold located at http://www.nrel.colostate.edu/projects/climate_impacts/skold.htm

In it, Skold describes some of the agricultural statistics for land west of the 98th meridian, not the 100th meridian.  I wonder if Letheby changed the reference on the meridian to be on the other side of where he lives for a reason.  Skold says that 21% of the nation's corn is produced west of Central City, Nebraska.

 

In this region, there is absolutely no reason to consume such large quantities of our valuable groundwater to grow something we already have too much of.

The nation currently produces about 10% more corn than it uses.  This corn is stored and can be used if, in the following year, there is any kind of crop problem.  If one were to stop irrigating 21% of the nation's corn crop, there would not be enough corn to meet the demand.  This would result in a surge in corn prices that would, in turn, result in higher food prices and fuel prices. 

Letheby also assumes that "large water quantities" being used is a bad thing.   "Large" is relative.  Nebraska uses a net of about 4.5 million acre feet of ground water each year.  The Nebraska aquifer holds about 2,125 million acre feet of water.  The water in storage dwarfs the amount used.  Even more water could be put in storage, if there was room for it.  Right now, about 84 million acre feet of water falls on Nebraska, and over 85% of that evaporates.  Much of it evaporates because there isn’t any room to store it in the aquifer, since many portions of the aquifer are full.  

Agriculture uses 95 percent of Nebraska 's water. If we want our communities to survive and if we want to preserve our natural resources, that figure must be more representative of the state's overall interests - which must include municipalities, wildlife and recreation.

The nice thing about water is that it is possible for both agriculture and recreation to use it at the same time.  Many of the municipalities would not exist if irrigation did not happen.  The idea that agriculture should use less water because wildlife and recreation have a greater interest is forgetting that many municipalities are dependent on agriculture and many of the recreational opportunities exist because of the things people do for agriculture's sake.

 

And about that water transfer? You'll be intrigued to know that most of the members of WaterClaim, the group proposing the idea, are residents of Perkins, Chase and Dundy Counties in extreme southwest Nebraska.

True. 

 

The University of Nebraska has monitored groundwater changes in the state from the earliest irrigation days to the present. It has pinpointed the counties that have experienced the greatest groundwater declines.  Three of the top four are Perkins, Chase and Dundy.

True.  And because it is true, we should find ways to reverse this decline.  Transferring water from areas where it cannot be used to areas that it can is one way of increasing the aquifer and simultaneously helping wildlife, recreation and municipalities.